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Alveolar Consonants
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Wiki: Voiceless Dental And Alveolar Plosives
The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of sounds used in almost all spoken . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental consonant, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, and the postalveolar with a retraction line, , and the extIPA has a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, .
The sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain , and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a are colloquial Samoan language (which also lacks an ), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.
There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda language, Venda language and many Australian Aboriginal languages being a few of them; certain varieties of Hiberno-English also distinguish them (with being the local realisation of the Standard English phoneme , represented by ⟨th⟩).
Features
- There are three specific variants of :
- Dental consonant, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical consonant and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Varieties
| plain t | |
| Dental consonant t | |
| postalveolar t | |
| aspirated t | |
| palatalized t | |
| labialisation t | |
| t with no audible release | |
| voiced t | |
| Tenseness t | |
| ejective t | |
| pharyngealized t |
Occurrence
Dental
| + Occurrence of in various languages ! colspan="2" | Notes | ||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Basque phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Czech phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar . | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| See English phonology. | |||
| Corresponds to . | |||
| Southern Hiberno-English | |||
| Allophone of before , in free variation with an alveolar stop. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form. | |||
| See Hindustani phonology | |||
| Contrasts with aspirated form <تھ>. | |||
| 'son', 'boy' or 'male name' | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |||
| Contrasts . | |||
| Interdental. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology | |||
| Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. | |||
| Dental. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to , and/or in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology | |||
| Apical dental. Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovak phonology | |||
| Dentalization of alveolar plosive. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology | |||
| Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels. | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology | |||
| Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
Alveolar
| + Occurrence of in various languages ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes |
| See Abkhaz phonology | |
| See Egyptian Arabic phonology | |
| Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Southern dialects θ is used. | |
| See Cantonese Phonology | |
| 'iron' | |
| Usually transcribed in IPA with or . Contrasts with the affricate or aspirated stop (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with or . See Danish phonology | |
| See Dutch phonology | |
| See English phonology | |
| Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant. | |
| see Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| See Hungarian phonology | |
| See Khmer phonology | |
| See Korean phonology | |
| See Kurdish phonology | |
| 'forehead' | |
| Less often voiced . It is usually transcribed , and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed . See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Contrasts . | |
| See Mandarin Phonology | |
| 'ladder/stairs' | |
| Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms | |
| Allophone before alveolar . In other dialects takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology | |
| See Tagalog phonology | |
| Contrasts with an aspirated form. | |
| See West Frisian phonology |
Postalveolar
| + Occurrence of ! | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes |
| Contrasts . |
Variable
| + Occurrence of a voiceless plosive variable between alveolar and dental positions ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes |
| Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology | |
| Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers. | |
| Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar. See Standard German phonology | |
| Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| More commonly dental. Often unreleased in syllable codas. See Malay phonology | |
| Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed . It may be partially voiced , and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed . See Norwegian phonology | |
| Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar. See Persian phonology | |
| Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. See Slovak phonology |
See also
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes
External links
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